Final Project Draft: Childhood Obesity Essay

Growing up as a child and adolescent in the United States is met with many obstacles including exposure to domestic violence, proper education, lack of proper nutrition and other socioeconomic issues within the family unit. One particular issue that has begun to grow is childhood obesity which can lead to many health and social issues that carry on into adulthood. This epidemic stems partially from genetics but mostly from a combination of things like a lack of tools to educate parents and children on healthier life choices. As this issue reaches a critical point, changes are being set in motion to combat its cause and overall affect. While childhood obesity is not an issue for some parents, they should educate themselves in order to assist their children in making healthier decisions regarding food and physical activity. Making these necessary changes can potentially improve the child’s mental and emotional health and removes certain medical problems later in life resulting in a healthier adult. According to the Mayo Clinic, obesity is defined as having an excessive amount of body fat over what is considered to be healthy. Determining whether a child is obese is determining what is a normal weight for their height and weight. For children and adolescents, obesity is particularly troublesome not only for their health now and in the future but for their self-esteem in their formative years. Self-esteem is so crucial to the development of a young person’s mind, body and soul. It is what helps them to become well-rounded and contributing members of society. Children and adolescents have different body types at all stages of development. Just because a child carries a few extra pounds does not mean they are in any danger of becoming obese or having long-term health problems. With certain ages come different types of developmental changes. Some children have larger body frames that support more body weight. Simply looking at a child is not enough to ascertain if there is a weight problem. For example, during puberty adolescent children do gain weight more rapidly due to an influx of hormones. This type of weight gain is normal as long as the ratio of muscle, bone and body fats are in proportion. Determining whether or not a child has a healthy weight is as simple as calculating body mass index or BMI. Doctors often use this calculation though it can be a little more complicated to determine what is normal for a child. Anyone with children may recall frequent visits to the pediatrician early in the child’s life where the child is measured for height and weight. These numbers are then plotted on a growth chart to determine what percentile that child ranges within. BMI equal to or greater than the 5th percentile and less than the 85th percentile is considered a healthy weight for his or her age (Unknown, 2012). Anything above the 95th percentile is considered obese and at risk for various health-related problems. The averages for boys and girls will differ based on the fact that they develop at different speeds especially during puberty, but it is very important that parents do not jump to conclusion based on appearances and these numbers alone. One must also consider that an athletic child or teen may have more muscle mass which can also increase BMI. The most common contributor to childhood obesity is improper nutrition, food choices, and too little physical activity. Less common but still a factor are some genetic and hormonal disorders. Unfortunately many parents will use the knowledge of these disorders to rationalize a weight issue their child might have. In an age of technology, children and teens spend excess amount of time sedentary playing video games, watching television, using computers, and mobile devices. Commercials on television entice children to eat fast food and drink highly caffeinated, sugary drinks. The choices being made are not in the interest of the health of the child. Most parents spend 40 hours or more at work, leaving the children alone to fend for themselves which is when they make decisions on what to eat, drink and do to entertain themselves. Family history also presents a risk factor for childhood obesity. One might assume that a family with several or more overweight family member will have children in an environment where high-calorie food and drink is always readily available. In these types of households, physical activity is not stressed nor is it encouraged. Some families also inadvertently teach their children to be â€Å"emotional eaters.† The family that relies on the convenience of quick cooking meals is also at risk for overweight children because of high calorie content. Certain socioeconomic factors cause families to rely on these types of foods because it is all they can afford. With childhood obesity comes many complications that can affect a child’s physical, emotional and social well-being. One of the more well-known physical complications is Type 2 diabetes which affects the way a child metabolizes sugar. Usually a simple change in diet and exercise can keep a child from suffering this chronic disorder. A parent may notice that their overweight child seems to be going into puberty sooner than other children which is also another complication of obesity. Carrying around extra weight can cause breathing problems and issue with the development of the child’s lungs which can lead to asthma or even sleep apnea (abnormal breathing during sleep). If a child has a poor diet, he or she may also suffer from high cholesterol and high blood pressure. These factors can eventually lead to a buildup of plaque in the arteries causing a stroke or heart attack later in life. These complications overall are known as â€Å"metabolic syndrome.† This is not a disease in itself but a cluster of problems suffered at once. Beyond the physical issues caused by obesity are the matters of social and emotional complications. Youth is difficult under the best circumstances but contribute being overwe ight and a whole new host of issues present themselves. For example, school-age children tend to tease their overweight peers leading to further bullying and loss of self-esteem. According to research conducted by the Mayo Clinic overweight children tend to have more anxiety and poorer social skills than children with a normal weight. These children may withdraw into themselves or act out and disrupt their classrooms or families. Eventually these issues can lead to the more serious problem of depression which is an overwhelming feeling of sadness and hopelessness. If a parent suspects that their child is suffering from depression, a doctor should be immediately contacted and consulted. Parents play a very meaningful role in the causes and risk factors for childhood obesity. They are the first to make the child feel loved and in control of their own bodies. Sensitivity to a child’s emotional needs and feelings is very important in helping that child develop into a healthy adult. If a parent feels that his or her child is at risk for obesity, the issue needs to be addressed in a kind and considerate manner. Directness and openness are the best method and one cannot be overly critical or judgmental. Lifestyle changes are difficult for a child to make so giving choices makes them more likely to stick to something new. Praising a child’s effort to change will also help boost their self-esteem and keep them going in a positive direction. Some medical issues are brought on by heredity which is to say that people are just â€Å"born with them,† but in the case of childhood obesity, it is a completely preventable problem. As with most issues that affect children and teenagers, home is the first line of defense against future problems. Educating parents and providing them support is an excellent way to ensure that children gain the proper instruction on lifestyle and health choices. Most do not realize that obesity is costly to each state. According to the National Conference of State Legislature, in 2003, annual medical expenses geared towards obesity and its effects were estimated at $75 billion dollars. Starting in 2005, state legislature became very active in considering programs and policies to address the epidemic. One of the most positive changes to occur is schools providing the nutritional content of the food on its menus enabling students to make better choices during breakfast and lunch. This is also being done at chain restaurants nationwide. â€Å"Super sizing† was removed from all menus and alternatives for kids’ meals are part of this change as well. Even some convenience store chains banished their massive fountain drink cups to combat the obesity epidemic among children as well as adults. The battle for the health of children begins with education and monitoring. If parents maintain an open line of communication with their children, they will be privy to the issues affecting them. Childhood obesity is not just a physical or medical issue. It affects the psychological and emotional well-being of the child which follows them all throughout the rest of their lives. Children need the best start possible so parents should always remember to pay attention and lead by example. References John, A. M., Charles, J. G., Stephen, R. D., & Wang, P. (2012). Race, childhood insulin, childhood caloric intake, and class 3 obesity at age 24: 14-year prospective study of schoolgirls. Obesity, 20(3), 597-604. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.126 Mooney, B. (2012). Childhood obesity: time to wake up to the facts. World Of Irish Nursing & Midwifery, 20(7), 41-42. Wojcicki, J. M., & Heyman, M. B. (2012). Reducing Childhood Obesity by Eliminating 100% Fruit Juice. American Journal Of Public Health, 102(9), 1630-1633. doi:10.2105/ AJPH. 2012.300719 Willis, T. A., Potrata, B. B., Hunt, C. C., & J. (2012). Training community practitioners to work more effectively with parents to prevent childhood obesity: the impact of HENRY upon Children’s Centres and their staff. Journal Of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, 25(5), 460-468. doi:10.1111/j.1365-277X.2012.01247.x

Islam Religion and Cultural Diversity Essay

Introduction Practices of the Muslim religion have become of great concern in the contemporary society especially in issue of world peace. Islam values and beliefs have raised controversy between followers and non-followers where the latter criticize the religion as threat to peace. This paper will explore teachings of the Islam religion to provide understanding of beliefs, values and practices in effort to resolve the controversy. This will be achieved by discussing the main pillars of Islam: Shahada, Salat, Sawm, Zakat, Hajj, Islamic law (Shariah) and Jihad (Pecorino, 2001) as well as showing application in cross cultures and nations. The paper will also show how Islam is contrasted form Christianity and Judaism. Further, it will outline how understanding of Islam would impact interactions or communications between Muslims and non-Muslims. Eventually, the paper will summarize main arguments. Muslim Teachings and Pillars Practiced Across Cultures There is diversity in Muslims and several core beliefs are held to bring unity in the religion all over the world. There are five main practices described in Quran for Muslims to observe and are commonly regarded as pillars of Islam. The first one is the declaration of faith (Shahada) that requires Muslims to bear witnesses as well testify for only one God, Allah, and His messenger Muhammad (Esposito, 2002). This declaration is needed for anyone to become Muslim and has two aspects. One part affirms absolute monotheism, oneness of God, and that associating other things to God is idolatry which is unforgivable sin. This would serve to correct Muslims on  deviating from the right path of believing in one God. The second part asserts that Muhammad is both a prophet as well as God’s messenger and hence forms the highest revelation of God’s messages to Muslims. Moreover, Muhammad life is an example that serves as role model for Muslims to emulate. The second pillar of Islam is the prayer which as known as Salat and require Muslims to worship God by praying five times in day, that is, in the morning, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset and in the evening. In many places prayer times are alerted to Muslims through mega speakers at mosques’ minarets. This serves to remind believers of God’s presence in their daily activities and hence need to reaffirm dependence on Him. The prayers are accompanied by rituals and were established by Muhammad though are not in Quran. However, prayers consist of citations from the Quran and movements observed such as bowing, kneeling, and touching ground with the forehead signify expression of humility and God’s adoration. Muslims can pray anywhere such as places of work, houses, and mosques though preferably in groups for solidarity and should face Mecca that is regarded a holy city. The prayers are orderly with same start and ending. The third pillar is the Zakat that means purification and requires Muslims to worship and give thanks to God by supporting the poor. All things are believed to be owned by God and Muslim believers are required to give 2.5 percent of all they possess every year so as to support the poor, orphans, widows and those needy (Esposito, 2002). Zakat is observed as a social security in Islam and was developed about fourteen hundred years ago. In some Muslim groups, believers also contribute religious taxes out of their incomes to religious leaders and are used to support the poor. The fourth pillar is observing the fast of Ramadan (Sawm) during the ninth month of every year according to Islamic calendar. This month is regarded as Ramadan and is observed since was the time when Muhammad received first revelation of the Quran from God. During the month-long fast believers are required to abstain from foods, drinks, and sexuality between dawn and sunset. Ramadan consists of special prayers cited and foods served only during this period. In the 27th day Muslims commemorate the night of power when Muhammad received God’s revelation and the Ramadan ends with celebration of Eid al-Fitr to break the fast and give gifts (Esposito, 2002). Ramadan is meant  to stimulate reflection of believers on dependence of God, spiritual values and responsibility to care for less fortunate. The fifth pillar is the Pilgrimage also known as Hajj to Mecca in Saudi Arabia and requires all able adult Muslims worldwide to visit the city at least once in their lifetime. It follows Ramadan and requires sacrifices of time, things and comforts hence making Muslims pilgrims in God’s service. There is also lesser pilgrimage called umrah that that involves visits to other holy sites during other periods of the year. There are other teachings of Islam practiced worldwide and are more shaped or shape cultures in which they are applied. These include Jihad that is regarded as the sixth pillar and the Islamic law. Jihad is explained in Arabic as meaning to struggle or exhaust one’s efforts to exalt God though is interpreted to mean holy wars in some cultures (Pecorino, 2001). Within Islam, Jihad can be applied to lead virtuous life, charity works, preaching and fighting to defend Muslims. The Islamic law defines Islam as submission to God and hence Muslims have moral responsibility and observe Jihad in the path of God also known as Shariah. The law provides guideline for relations and interaction of believers with God as well as with amongst themselves (WGBH. 2014). Islamic law on regulation of social life include prescription of dressing codes, rituals in marriages, divorce, inheritances and behaviors that would connect all Muslims all over the world. These provisions are applied to varied magnitudes over varied cultures. This has been influenced by interactions of people due to globalization and modern law incorporates integrated cultural practices (UTA, 2009). The requirement of Muslims to exercise moral responsibility in legal, political and economic practices is also shaped by cultural practices in diverse geographic and historical contexts. Similarly, the Islamic laws influence social frameworks. There are varied practices of Islamic teachings as observed in low Islamic conviction is western nations compared to high levels in countries to the East. America and Great Britain regard Islam as strange religion compared to other religions and has expressed little support for values advocated by Muslims in national structures (PRC, 2012). However, Muslim converts are growing in the two nations and followers observe the pillars of Islam and  other teachings. Middle East, India, Pakistan and other Asian nations show strong support for Islam and have large Muslim populations that observe teachings of the religion. These countries have frameworks that reflect teachings of Islam, for instance, in their laws, political, economic activities and social practices such as behavior, marriages and support for the needy among their populations. Contrasting Islam from Christianity and Judaism The teaching of the Islam indicated above compare or contrast with some in Judaism and Christianity. Some of the contrasts include the oneness of God that is inconsistent with Judaism and Christianity that also advocate for monotheism and believe in trinity: God the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. God in Islam is not associated with other things that contrast with some Christians and Judaism followers that have some representation for God (Esposito, 2002). Muslims worship God through Muhammad who is God’s messenger and prophet unlike in Christianity and Judaism that worship God through Jesus who is regarded the son of God. Muslim religion believes Muhammad was the last prophet send by God to human beings and shows acknowledgement of other divine figures send to Christianity and Judaism in the Quran whereas the latter do not acknowledge other religions, for instance, Muhammad send to Islam. There are several denominations in Christianity and Judaism unlike in Islam that has single denomination practiced worldwide. The Muslim religion is allowable to polygamy in the marriage laws unlike followers of Christianity and Judaism who believe in pure monogamy. Muslim religion is more restrictive such as in dressing code especially for the women that is not observed through the teachings of Christianity and Judaism. Muslims have fixed prayer and fasting schedules that are not observed in the other among Christians and Judaism followers who set prayer and fasting events. Influence of Islam on Interactions of Muslims and Non-Muslims There are different understandings of Islam teachings that influence how Muslims and non-Muslims interact or communicate. Muslims belief of Jihad has been conceived among non-Muslims as allowable to wars that has been strongly linked to the increased terrorist activities all over the world (  2002). In addition, the contributions raised in through Zakat are misunderstood as avenues for financing war activities rather than benefiting the less fortunate. This has sparked rivalry among people since Muslims are considered as threat to world peace. This has been witnessed in conflicts based on religious inclination in some countries such as Nigeria. This rivalry would also be said of conflicts of America and nations with majority Muslims such as Afghanistan. This perspective has misconceived the aim of Jihad and would be overcome through advocating for moral value of peace possible through tolerance of religious diversity by both sides. Islamic laws regulate behaviors, communications and modes of dressing that create disconnection with other practices in the world and this hinders interactions such as marriages and talks that include education. Varied practices related to religious faith does not allow free environment to interact and hence limit integration. This would be minimized through enhanced understanding of practices for both sides since ignorance of values observed by different religions induces misconceptions that limit interactions. Conclusion Muslim religion has induced controversy among followers and non-followers in contemporary society especially when world peace is considered. This paper has discussed Muslim teachings practiced over the world in attempt to resolve the controversy. Muslim practices are embedded in pillars developed following the Quran. These pillars are Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, Hajj, Jihad and Shariah. Provisions of this pillars aim at worshipping one God and are carried out all over the world though are shaped or shape cultures. Western nations show little support of Islam in aspects of life when compared to nation to the East. Islam contrasts Christianity and Judaism through belief in oneness of God and Muhammad, acknowledging other religions in Quran, single denomination, allowed polygamy and more restrictive behavior and dress codes. Different understandings of Islam by non-followers negatively impact interactions and communication with Muslims and this has led to religious conflicts. References: Esposito, J. L. (2002). Ten Things to Know About Islam. Teach Mideast. Retrieved 8 May 2014, from: http://www.teachmideast.org/essays/35-religion/58-ten-things-to-know-about-islam Pecorino, P. A. (2001). Religions of the World: Islam. Retrieved 8 May 2014, from: http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/socialSciences/ppecorino/PHIL_of_RELIGION_TEXT/CHAPTER_2_RELIGIONS/Islam.htm PRC. (2012). The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 8 May 2014, from: http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/ UTA. (2009). Muslim Histories & Cultures. The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 8 May 2014, from: http://sites.la.utexas.edu/mhc/tag/islam/ WGBH. (2014). Islamic belief, Law, and Practice. PBS Frontline. Retrieved 8 May 2014, from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/muslims/themes/beliefs.html

Development Of Mughlai Cuisine Of India Architecture Essay

To analyze the impact of events on the development of Mughlai culinary art of North India and the farther Scopess to advance nutrient touristry finish. The purpose of this chapter is to supply its readers with an overview into the subject of the research. The first subdivision of this chapter would cover with the debut to the Mughal History, Imperial culinary art and Sultan ‘s etiquette. The 2nd subdivision would cover with Tourism and its societal and cultural impact on a society. The concluding subdivision would cover with the relation between Food Tourism, civilization and foodways.2.1.1 Mughal EmpireArab plunderers had established their hegemony in Sindh in western India by about AD713, but the Muslim presence merely made itself felt with the foray s of Mohammed of Ghazni from approximately AD 1000.About AD 1206 the first grand Turks, those of the slave dynasty, set up regulation in Delhi. Eleven of them in sequences gave topographic point to two from the house of Balban, six Khaljis, three Tughlaks ( including Muhammad bin Tughlak from AD 1324-51 ) , four Saiyyids and three Lodis, stretching in all for somewhat more than three hundred old ages ( Life and status of people in Hindustan,1935 ) .In 1526 the swayer Babar established the Mughal dynasty in India. He followed by Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jhan and Aurangzeb. The Mughal period was unusually good documented. Both the emperors Babar and Jahangir were brilliant diary keepers and Akbar ‘s matter were circumstantially chronicled in the Ain-i-Akbari [ 1 ] and Akbar-Name by his tribunal historian Abu Fazal. From the clip of Jahangir and thenceforth, a series of travellers from Europe left graphic impressionistic histories of the swayers and the people of India. To the slightly ascetic Hindu dining atmosphere the Muslims brought refined and courtly etiquette of both group of both group and single dining, and of sharing nutrient in family. Food points native to India were enriched with nuts, raisins, spices and ghee. These included meat and rice dishes ( Palao [ 2 ] ) , dressed meat ( Kabab [ 3 ] ) , stuffed points ( Samosas [ 4 ] ) , sweets ( Halva [ 5 ] , stewed fruit ) and sweetened drinks ( Falooda [ 6 ] , Sherbet [ 7 ] ) . New dishes enriched the culinary art of the wheat finely grounded meat ( Halim [ 8 ] , Harisa [ 9 ] ) , or the frozen Kulfi [ 10 ] , a rich ice pick of Khoa [ 11 ] , or Jalebi [ 12 ] . Muslims influenced both the manner and substance of Indian nutrient.2.1.2 The Sultan ‘s etiquetteMubarak Ali in his book ‘Mughal Darbar ‘ ( 1993 ) has written a great trade to about the dining imposts of the Delhi Sultans, which were possibly alone to Muslims royalty in India. A certain rite of formality was observed: Before the dinners begins, the Chamberlain [ 13 ] bases at the caput of the dinners rug ( Simat [ 14 ] ) and performs the bow ( Khidmat [ 15 ] ) in the way of grand Turk ; and all present do the same. The khidmat in India consists of bowing down to the articulatio genus as in supplications. After this the people would sit down to eat, and so they are bought gold, Ag and glass cups filled with all right sugar H2O perfumed with rose-water which they call sherbert. After they have taken the sherbert, the Chamberlain calls out Bismillah [ 16 ] . Then all begin to eat. At the terminal of the dinner, jugs of barley-drink ( Fuqqa [ 17 ] ) are brought ; and when these have been consumed, betel foliages and nuts are served. After the people have taken the betel and nuts, the Chamberlain calls out Bismillah, whereupon all stand up and bow in the same manner as earlier. Then they retire. Two types of dinners were held in the royal castle, A private dinners is the 1 that sultan attends. It is his manner to eat along with those who are present and those whom he calls for the intent, such as the particular amir's [ 18 ] – the caput Chamberlain ( amirhajib ) , the grand Turks paternal cousins, Imad-ul-mulk Sartez and maestro ofA ceremonials ( amir-i-majlis ) – and those out of the a'izza ( ‘The Honourables ‘ ) A and great emir ‘s whom he wants to honor and idolize. Occasionally, when he is declined to honor any one from among present, he takes a home base, puts staff of life on it and gives it to him. The latter receives it: and puting the home base on his left manus, he bows with his right manus touching the land. Sometimes the Sultan sends something from that repast to one absent from it, and the latter excessively bows like the one nowadays and sits down to eat it along with those that be in his company. The figure Lords go toing these private dinners ne'er exceeded 20. It has been remarked that such long jovialities in the company of Lords served to throw them into Sultans Company, and therefore maintain them out of problem. The public dinners are brought from the kitchen led by the castle officers, who call out Bismillah ; and they are headed by the main castle officer. He holds in his manus a gold Mace and is accompanied by his deputy who carries a Ag Mace. Equally shortly as they enter the 4th gate and those in the council-hall hear the call, all stand up and none remain seated, the grand Turk entirely is excepted. When the dishes are served on the floor, the castle of officers stand up in rows, their heads standing in forepart. He makes a discourse in which he praises the grand Turk and eulogizes him ; so he bows to him and in the same mode bow all those present in the council-hall whether large or little. Their usage is that anyone who hears the call of main castle officer ( naqib-un-nuquba [ 19 ] ) stops immediately, if walking and remains in his topographic point if he happens to be standing and none can travel until the discourse is over. Then his deputy excessively makes a similar discourse and bows ; and so make the castle officers and all the people in the 2nd clip. Then all the people take their seats ; and the gate secretaries draft a study informing the Sultan that the nutrient has been brought, even though he is cognizant of that. The study is handed over to a male child from one of the malik ‘s boy appointed for this intent and he takes the message to the Sultan who, on reading it, appoints whosoever he likes from among the great emir ‘s to oversee the seating and eating of the people. Mubarak Ali in his book ‘Mughal Darbar † ( 1993 ) has stated some about the seating besides: The usage at that point of clip was that the Judgess ( Qazis [ 20 ] ) , speechmakers ( Khatibs [ 21 ] ) and legal experts ( Shorfa [ 22 ] ) sit on a rug ( simat ) : and so come the grand Turk relatives, the great emir ‘s and the remainder of the people. But none sits expect at his appointive topographic point ; and therefore there is perfectly no confusion amongst them. All holding so their representative seats, the cup bearerA ( Shurbdariya [ 23 ] ) who give the keeping in their custodies gold, Ag, Cu and glass vass filled with refined sugar dissolved in H2O, which they drink at dinner. Everyone had before him, a set of all the assorted dishes consisting the dinner, which he eats entirely ; and no one portions his home base with another. When they finish eating, the drink ( Fuqqa ) is served in pewter tankards ; and every bit shortly as the people take it the Chamberlains call out Bismillah. At that clip the piece garnering stands up, and the emir ‘s oversing the banquet bows, and they bow excessively ; so they retire.The dinners were held twice a twenty-four hours – 1 in the morning and the other in the afternoon.2.1.3 Kings drink‘Any Muslim who drinks ( vino ) is punished with 80 chevrons, and is shut up in a matamore ( cell ) for 3 months, which is opened merely at the clip of repast ‘ . So says the Quran ( Chapter 6 ) . However there is no uncertainty that imbibing was really common among the grand Turks and the aristocracy. For the Mughals vino had a strong attractive force. Babar had periodic fitsA A of abstention, when he would interrupt up his flagons and goblets of gold and Ag and give away the pieces, merely to restart imbibing and the usage of bhang, after stating himself ( P.N. Chopra,1963, Society and Culture in Mughal India. ) . Akbar, harmonizing to the Jesuit Father Monserate, seldom drank vino, proffering bhang. He enforced prohibition in his tribunal, but relaxed regulations for European travellers because ‘they are born in the component of vino, as fresh fish are produced in H2O†¦ and to forbid them the usage of it is to strip them of their life ‘ ( J.S.Hoyland and, and S.banerjeeA 1922, The Cemetery of Father Monserrate ) . Of his boies, Daniyal and Murad both died immature due to inordinate imbibing. His other boy Jahangir was much addicted, but did non imbibe on Thursdays and Fridays ( Nicclao Manucci, Storio de Mogor 1653-1708, trans William Irvine ) . However at terminal of his government Jahangir would absorb 20 cups of dual distilled spirits daily, 14 during the twenty-four hours and the remainder at dark ( P.N. Chopra,1963, Society and Culture in Mughal India. ) . Shah Jahan drank but ne'er beyond the bounds of decency. The following emperor Aurangzeb was of class rigorous teetotaller who in 1668 issued terrible prohibition order to all his topics, Hindus and Muslim likewise. To do this spirits, arak or rice sprit was put into empty barrel that had contained vino from Europe. The settlings of other barrels were besides added, together with H2O and Sweet sugar. After eight saddle horses, the clear liquid savoring something like white vino. Another vino was made by immersing rosins in rice sprit for 3 to 4 yearss, striving and so keeping the liquid in an empty barrel for 6 to 8 months ; an infusion of day of the months was sometimes added for sugariness and spirit ( William Foster, Early Travels in India 1583-1619 ) .A A A A A A A A2.1.4 The Imperial culinary artBabar is said to hold lived in India for merely 4 A? old ages after suppressing. He lamented fact that this state had ‘no grapes ‘ , musk melons or first rate fruits, no ice cold H2O, no staff of life or cooked nutrient in bazars ( A.S.Beveridge, trans. Babur-nama, 1922 ) . He commented most judiciously on the vegetations and zoologies that he foremost encountered in this new state. He c ommented that chironji [ 24 ] is â€Å" a thing between the Prunus dulcis and the walnut, and non so bad † .He besides described the fish from Hindustan as really savory and that they had no smell or tediousness ( intending likely deficiency of castanetss ) . But bosom Babar remained an foreigner to Indian nutrient. His boy Humayun nevertheless was much more â€Å" Indianized † . Humayun even gave up carnal flesh for some months when he started his run to retrieve the throne, and make up one's minding after some contemplation, that beef was non a nutrient for devout ( J.S.Hoyland and, and S.banerjeeA , The Cemetery of Father Monserrate, , 1922 ) . . Akbar did non like meat and took it merely seasonally ‘to conform to the sprit of the age ‘ ( P.N. Chopra, Society and Culture in Mughal India,1963 ) . He abstained from meat at first of all Fridays, later on Sundays besides, so on first twenty-four hours of every solar month, so during the whole month of Fawardin [ 25 ] ( March ) , and eventually during his berth month of Aban [ 26 ] ( November ) . He started his repast with curds and rice, and preferable simple nutrient. One of travellers Father Monserate documented that Akbar ‘s tabular array was really deluxe, dwelling of more than 40 classs served in great dishes served in great dishes. These dishes were brought into the royal dining hall covered and wrapped in linen fabrics, which are tied and sealed, for the fright of toxicant ( J.S.Hoyland and, and S.banerjee, The Cemetery of Father Monserrate,1922 ) . The Ain-i-Akbari describes three categories cooked dishes. In the first, called safiyana, consumed by Akbar ‘s twenty-four hours of abstention, no meat was used. The dishes were made of rice ( zard-birinj [ 27 ] , khushka [ 28 ] , khichri [ 29 ] and sheer-birinj [ 30 ] ) , wheat ( chikhi [ 31 ] , basically the amylum of the rice isolated by rinsing and so seasoned ) , pigeon peas [ 32 ] , palak droop [ 33 ] , halwa, sherbert etc. The 2nd category comprised those in which both meat and rice were employed ( like Palao, Biryani [ 34 ] , Shulla [ 35 ] and Shurba [ 36 ] ) , or meat and wheat ( Harisa, Halim and Kashk [ 37 ] ) A .The 3rd category was that in which meat was cooked in ghee, spices, curd, eggs etc. These dishes in due class of clip came to be known as Yakhni [ 38 ] , Kabab, Do-Pyazza [ 39 ] , Musallam [ 40 ] , Dampukth [ 41 ] , Qaliya [ 42 ] and Malghuba [ 43 ] . Bread in this clip was either thick, made from wheat flour and baked in an oven ; or thin, and bake on Fe ho me bases utilizing dough of either wheat or khushka. Natural stuff came from assorted topographic points ; A rice from Bharaijj, Gwalior, Rajori and Nimlah, ghee [ 44 ] from Hissar, ducks, water bird and certain veggies from Kashmir, and fruits from across the north western boundary lines every bit good as from all over the state. Though Jahangir, unlike his male parent, enjoyed eating meat, and particularly the animate beings of the pursuit, he kept his male parent agenda of abstention, adding Thursday to them, that being the twenty-four hours of birth of his boy Akbar. He banned the slaughter of animate beings on Thursday and Sundays. He seemed to hold left fish wholly and preferred a khichri called lazizan, made of rice cooked with pulsations, ghee, spices and nuts on the yearss of abstention from flesh. Another of his favourites was Falooda, jelly made from the straining of poached wheat, assorted with fruit juices and pick ( P.N. Chopra, Society and Culture in Mughal India, 1963 ) . Aurangzeb boy of Jahangir on the other manus was a Spartan. Tavernier says that no animate being passed his lips: he go ‘thin and thin ‘ to which the great fasts that he kept hold contributed†¦ he merely drank a small H2O, and ate small measure of millet staff of life.Besides that he slept on the land with merely a tiger ‘s tegument over him ( P.N. Chopra, Society and Culture in Mughal India, 1963 ) .2.2. TourismTourism today is one the fastest turning sectors in the planetary economic system. It is besides one ofthe largest sectors in the universe economic system doing of all time increasing parts to planetary end product and employment.In 2008, international tourer reachings grew by 2 % to 924 million, up 16 million over 2007. Analysts further predict that the tourer reachings will touch 1.6 billion by the twelvemonth 2020. Tourism is one of the largest income generators for an economic system and is turning at a really rapid gait. Growth in touristry besides translates into indirect growing and impact on assorted other sectors of the economyA ( Farooquee, N.A. et Al ( 2008 ) ‘ Environmental and Socio-Cultural Impacts of River Rafting and Camping on Ganga in Uttarakhand Himalaya ‘ ) .2.2.1 IntroductionService industry has gained utmost potency in the past two decennaries and is now one of the chief industries for societal and economic growing of any part. This growing has bought along with itself an addition in the planetary end product and assorted employment chances. One of the of import constituents of the service sector is touristry sector. The World Tourism Organization defines touristry as â€Å" The activities of individuals going to and remaining in topographic points outside their usual environment for non more than one back-to-back twelvemonth for leisure, concern and other intent † ( Commission of the European Communities et al. , 2001 ) . Tourism incorporates both touchable and intangible elements of service sector. Tourism has evolved over clip ( six decennaries about ) and has been go oning turning and diversifying in order to go the fastest and the largest turning economic sectors in the universe. Tourism has been booming at an exponential rate thereby advancing and researching new finishs and in some instances going the chief driver of the economic system. In some the underdeveloped states it is one of the chief income bring forthing sector and besides the figure one in export class at that place by bring forthing employment on a larger graduated table. The travel and touristry industry is undergoing a transmutation as the significance of this industry is unveiled by most states.2.2.2 HISTORY OF VOYAGES AND TRAVELLERS:Tourism has been apparent throughout the ages. It has merely taken a major leap in the past few decennaries and has become a major portion of the economic system. Ancient age travel was largely an unconscious matter. Travel was chiefly an result of trade and other commercialism activities. In other words, earlier traveller can be regarded as a merchandiser looking for goods and merchandises and prosecuting in trade and commercialism. States like India and China have attracted travellers from all over the ancient universe. This tendency continued ensuing in geographic expedition of different finishs by the Europeans particularly heading towards Indian shores for the exclusive intent of trade and commercialism. The impulse to research new lands and to seek new cognition in antediluvian and distant lands was yet another motivation of travelers in subsequent periods. Traveling that took topographic point during the Middle Ages was largely for spiritual intents. The pattern for going for spiritual intents became a good established usage in many parts of the universe. Romans were known for going during this epoch and wherever they went, there existed a all right web of roads. Tourism gained impulse every bit shortly as alterations like the mental attitudes towards pleasance, instruction based travel ; addition in disposal income, need for a interruption from the humdrum work agenda etc took topographic point. For about the first one-fourth of the twentieth century pleasance travel was merely for the privileged 1s of the society holding free clip in manus every bit good as significant buying power. Numerous travel associations were formed during this clip of the century who organized trips and holidaies for in-between category and their households. However, it was the twentieth century where a alteration was witnessed in the whole touristry scenario particularly from an international position for different intents like wellness, concern, diversion or spiritual intents which led authoritiess to publish passports and visas and take enterprises to their citizens abroad. Increase in touristry has been good for the full universe linking all the finishs to one a nother. However, there have been jobs associated with developing states where the authorities capacity is limited and tourist Numberss are increasing. These states rely extremely on touristry and are badly affected when touristry is discouraged on the evidences of condemnable activities and safety and security issues. â€Å" These issues and many more like the environmental issues have grown as international touristry reachings have soared to over 800 million yearly. By 2020 that figure is expected to be over 1.6 billion † ( World Trade Organization, 1997 ) . Despite these factors, touristry development opens doors to assorted employment chances for the underdeveloped states.2.2.3 IMPACTS OF TOURISMTourism is amongst the fastest and most diverse sectors of the economic system. It has been a focal point of many authoritiess, particularly for developing economic systems, to seek and develop touristry as one of the most attractive sectors of the domestic economic system. Tourism constant ly impacts every part, civilization, people, state etc that it touches. These impacts are an challenging mix of the good and the bad for the part. Governments have to do a trade off between the advantages offered by touristry and the negative impacts brought in by it. Ming dynasties and Chulikpongse ( 1994 ) have noted touristry ‘s function as an agent of alteration, conveying countless impacts on regional economic conditions, societal establishments and environmental quality.A The impacts of touristry can be categorized into the undermentioned parts i.e. Economic Impacts, Socio-Cultural Impacts and Environmental Impacts.2.2.3. Economic Impact:In most instances, economic benefits lead to the focussed growing of touristry as a sector in any state. Today, touristry is one of the universe ‘s first beginnings of export net incomes, if planetary touristry income and international transit grosss are included.Harmonizing to Keiko Noji ( 2001 ) , Governments focal point on touri stry development as it presents the easy path to roll uping and increasing the foreign militias, making occupations and lending to over all economic growing. Private sector, which brings commercial addition to the state, is a taking force in the touristry industry. In many instances, foreign capital dominates the domestic and international market and touristry outgo goes outside of the state. There are possible positive and negative impacts of such touristry development.2.2.3.1 Fiscal:Tourism helps the host community earn assorted monetary additions in the signifier growing in the foreign exchange militias, Gross Domestic Product, growing in regional commercial endeavors and for persons every bit good. For e.g. the part of Travel & A ; Tourism to Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) ofIndiahas been forecasted to stay changeless at 6.1 % in 2008 to 6.1 % in 2018. Besides, Export net incomes from international travellers and touristry goods contributed 6.7 % of entire exports in 2008, and it is anticipated that this will lift to 4.4 % of sum in 2018 ( Beginning: World Travel & A ; Tourism Council 2008 ) .A A2.2.3.2 Employment Opportunity:Tourism development in a part leads to the more employment chances and higher pay rates for work forces and adult females and entree to better developing for employees. Lee ( 1996 ) studied the economic effects of touristry in New Zealand and concluded that touristry performed better than most industries in bring forthing employment and revenue enhancement grosss and performed reasonably good in administering income among household income categories. Cukier-Snow and Wall ( 1994 ) besides examined touristry employment growing in Bali, reasoning an addition in the employment of adult females. The part of the Travel & A ; Tourism Economy to employment â€Å"in Indiais expected to lift from 30,491,000 occupations in 2008, 6.4 % of entire employment, or 1 in every 15.6 occupations to 39,615,000 occupations, 7.2 % of entire employment or 1 in every 13.8 occupations by 2018 † ( Source: World Travel & A ; Tourism Council 2008 ) . The assets associated with touristry overpower the negatives it brings with it. However, negative impacts associated with touristry can non be ignored. The employment is frequently parttime and low paid. The skilled places are occupied by foreign subjects and hence there is disparity in the income distribution form frequently associated with leakages.A2.2.3.3 Servicess:Tourism creates growing chances in a part. It leads to the creative activity of new installations, public-service corporations and diversion installations that would non hold been possible or financially feasible to supply in the community. Tourist outlooks can take to better service by local stores, eating houses, and other concern operators and enterprisers. The tourer traffic in a community leads to break installations such as fire section, constabulary, and wellness services which besides benefits the local occupants. However, long-established and conventional services may be forced out or relocated due to competit ion with tourer involvements. Water, power, fuel, and other deficits may be experienced because of increased force per unit area on the substructure.2.2.3.4 Others:Other economic impacts of touristry includes enlargement of the economic base ( i.e. , variegation ) , Inter-sectoral linkage and Multiplier effects, growing of entrepreneurshipA as merchandises and services can be locally produced by touristry related and other concern, creative activity and growing of substructure installations, improvement of societal services and encouragement of regional development in developing countries. The most profound impact that touristry has on the host economic system is through the development and growing of substructure in the domestic state.2.2.4 SOCIO CULTURAL IMPACTS:Tourism can be act as either an international peace shaper and can assist in understanding or it can be a destructive force assailing different civilizations, ecology, and local communities ( Mirbabayev. B, Shagazatova. M ) . Therefore, development of a tourer finishs and its associated comfortss and benefits require a elaborate program in order to accomplish victory over the negativeness associated with it, particularly in developing states where conserving and developing the quality of life of local populations is disputing. The societal and cultural deductions of touristry necessitate thorough and elaborate deliberations, as effects can either interpret into long term benefits or hurts to communities. A state ‘s civilization and societal environment is highly vulnerable and therefore it needs protect ion and saving, as touristry is an gnawing force of modernisation. ( Hing. N, Dimmock. K, 1997 )2.2.4.1 Cultural Impacts:Local civilization of a part or state is the focal point for pulling tourers to the part. Though the local sculpture, music, dance, culinary art, vesture, handcrafts and traditional imposts, ceremonials and folklore are a beginning of attractive force, touristry can take to commercialisation and abuse of these really assets. This will farther take to the impairment, debasement and eventually the disappearing and the local civilization. Some of the customary activities of a part may look absurd to the tourers may take the tourers to oppose and derogative activities against the local civilization ( Xavier, 2001 ) . Cultural facets of host parts act as tourer drawing cards, but are at the same time vulnerable to socialization. Though it has a negative impact on the local traditions, assorted writers have studied that it can help in the saving procedure. Harmonizing to a survey carried out by Teye, touristry can lend to greater understanding between North and South Africa by developing cultural touristry which promotes host-guest experiences and non than superficial brushs, ( Hing. N, Dimmock. K, 1997 ) . In another instance survey on the impacts of touristry on the Khajuraho temple inIndia, it is stated that touristry can convey economic alleviation and prosperity to local community, with minimum socio-cultural costs. ( Hing. N, Dimmock. K, 1997 )2.2.5.2 Social Impacts:Social interface amid tourers and local community may ensue in common grasp, apprehension, credence, consciousness and acquisition. It gives the host community a large encouragement in assurance and regard, and reduces biass and abolishes preconceived impressions and perceptual experiences. Local communities are benefited through part by touristry to the betterment of the societal substructure for illustration development of roads, Parkss, museums, wellness attention establishments, cyberspace coffeehouse etc. Robinson ( 1999 ) , states that there is no grounds that proves that touristry is conveying different civilizations together. Tourism can increase tenseness, ill will, and intuition. Tourism has an inauspicious impact on the traditional patterns, the perceptual experience of the occupants. Unbalanced population constructions, supplanting of local people, a negative behaviour by visitants toward occupants and an inauspicious consequence on the overall community life. Assorted surveies have been carried out to find that an addition in touristry has a direct impact on the addition in offense rate of a finish, as most frequently tourers are the victims to these condemnable Acts of the Apostless ( McElroy, Tarlow & A ; Carlisle, 2007 ) . Tourism can and frequently does take to jobs such as harlotry, alcohol addiction, chancing and drug trafficking. There are few tourist finishs immune to this job ( Noji.K, 2001 ) . Hence it is highly indispensable to advance touristry in the part while guaranting that it provides both incomes every bit good as generates respect for the local tradition and civilization.2.3 Food TourismFood Tourism is all approximately nutrient as a topic and medium, finish and vehicle, for touristry. It is about persons researching nutrients new to them every bit good as utilizing nutrient to research new civilization and ways of being. It is about groups utilizing nutrient to ‘sell ‘ their histories and to build marketable and publicly attractive individualities, and it is about persons fulfilling wonder. Finally it is about sing of nutrient in a manner that is out of the ordinary, that stairss outside the normal modus operandi to detect difference and the power of nutrient to stand for a nd negociate the difference. Folklorist, nutrient bookmans and nutrient aficionados have long fascinated by occasions of explorative eating- cases of eating the new, the unfamiliar, the alien- and by the institutional cookery books and folklife festivals. These occasions and include assortment of nutrient related behaviors and reflect complex web of cultural, societal, economic and aesthetic systems every bit good as single penchants. The definition of what constitutes adventuresome feeding is a contextual 1 that depends on the position and motives of the feeder. The writer states that the intent of nutrient touristry as a model is to seek together the impression of position and assortment of cases in which a foodways is considered representative of the other. Lucy M Long ( 2007 ) defines nutrient touristry as the international as the international, explorative engagement in the foodways another-participation including the ingestion, readying and presentation of nutrient points, culinary art, repast system or eating manner considered to a culinary system that no 1 owns. This definition accent on the person as an active agent in building significance within a tourer experience and it allows for an aesthetic response to nutrient as a portion of the experience. Exploration and internationalism define these cases as touristry. Valence Smith ( 1989 ) defines a tourer as a temporarily leisured individual who voluntarily visits a topographic point off from place for the intent of sing a alteration. The culinary tourer participates for the intent of sing a alteration in foodways non simply hungriness. Nelson Graburn ( 1989 ) proposed that for the tourer to see is a journey from profane to the sacred as a manner to embroider and addA significance to 1s life. The tourer experience offers non merely new civilizations and new sights, but besides a new manner of comprehending those sights and these new manner finally heighten an person. Johan Urry ( 1990 ) developed this impression of touristry as quantitative class of experience, specifying it as a sort of sing he refers to as a â€Å" tourer regard † . This regard is different from â€Å" every twenty-four hours looking † in that it attends to difference. It notices contrast and peculiarity, it shifts the ordinary action and objects out of the ordinary universe enable Trapa bicornis and promoting viewing audiences to rcognise their power as symbols, amusement and art.2.4 Authenticity and Culinary Tourism in Mughlai Restaurants across Delhi and AgraFood touristry has long been linked with genuineness in Mughlai eating houses across Delhi and Agra. Lifestyle magazines such as Gourmet and Travel & A ; Leisure reveal the connexion between nutrient and touristry. On the other side , backpacker ushers like the Lonely PlanetA ever include subdivisions on local nutrients and where to eat while going. As these magazines demonsterate nutrient and touristry go manus in manus. But when feeding is touristry, a whole new theoretical model arises. Culinary touristry, the geographic expedition of foreign foodways as a representative of an otherA provides a model for interrogating the assorted intersections between touristry and foodways ( Long, 1998 ) . The term authensity has been widely used to analyze both foodways and touristry, it can besides be applied within the frame work of culinary touristry to hold a better understanding about societal kineticss, peculiarly the procedure of individuality building and proof, that by and large accompany the escapades in eating.A Cultural eating house are a good illustration how dinning constitutions have come under the tourer regard and how dining constitutions have become a tourer patterns. Eating where the eating house is described as a signifier of individuality work â€Å" a theatre for thought and forging a ego † ( Shelton 1990 ) . An cultural eating house is a symbolic phase upon which the geographic expedition of the alien, facilitated through the construct of genuineness becomes an look of individuality.2.4.1 Authenticity a praradoxAuthenticity has been categorized as a plastic word that â€Å" have come to intend so much that they truly intend really small while however less signaling importance and power † ( Bendix,1992 ) . â€Å" Authenticity measures the grade to hex something is more or less what is ought to be. It is therefore a norm of some kind. But is it an subjective norm, emerging somehow from the cusine itself? Or is it an experimental norm, reflecting some imposed gastronomic criterion? If it is an subjective norm, who is its aythoritative voice: The professional cook? The mean consumer? The glutton? The homemaker? If it is an imposed norm, who is its privileged voice: the cognoscente alien nutrient? The tourer? The ordinary Participants in a adjacent culinary art? The cultivated feeder from distant one? . † Arjun Appadurai ( 1986 ) Appaduraj above inquiries the lineation of the basic argument over genuineness: where it is locatedA and by what authorization is it judged? . Appadurai believes the above term should non be applied to culinary system at all, as it can non account for the in avoidable that occurs in civilization and their culinary art.2.4.2 Mughal Influence on Indian FoodThe culinary art of India is every bit huge as its people. Each and everyA group has its ain typical nutrient penchants along with their different civilization. India has witnessed several invasions from Arab, Central Asia, the Mughal Empire and Persia in its early yearss. These invasions had a great influence on Indian nutrient. The Muslims from western Asia brought the Mughlai culinary arts to India in the fifteenth century when Mughal swayers conquered a big part of India. During the Mughal dynasty, these dishes were prepared for the Mughal Emperors for elegant dining with dry fruits and nuts. The cordial reception of sharing of nutrient with others in Mughal courtly society helped India to absorb it as its ain. Mughlai culinary art is one of the most richest, popular and munificent culinary arts in the state. These are pretty spicy and have alone aroma. The cookery method includes tonss of milk and pick with alien spices, nuts and dried fruits to do it rich and spicy. Biryani, Korma and Palau are some of the celebrated Mughlai culinary art. The Mughal influence on Indian nutrient supported the development of Indian nutrient to a great extent. The Mughlai culinary art full of rich gravies and non-vegetarian nutrients such as kabobs, along with the fruits like apricots, Prunus persicas, plums and melons contoured the construction of the Indian nutrient while offering it a distinguishable dimension. Each of the Muslim swayers offered something or the other to do Indian nutrient the assortment of spice, gustatory sensation, nip and spirit. The narrative of success Mughlai nutrient is still go oning via the agencies of ethinic and some new eating houses which still serve Mughlai nutrient. It still remains as one of the most of import portion in Indian culinary manner in any eating house across India. Although, Mughlai culinary arts are available in all parts of the state, but Delhi and Agra are the best topographic point for this royal culinary art. In this present scenario, the Mughlai influence on Indian nutrient reflects the local cookery manners in it. The culinary arts available in Delhi and Agra are nevertheless are the combination Indo-Persian manner and typical North Indian spices like Cuminum cyminum, Chinese parsley, cardamon, cinnamon, turmeric and land chilies. Whereas in Hyderabad, curry foliages, hot chilies, mustard seeds, Tamarindus indica and coconut milk are added to these culinary arts to give them a local spirit.2.5 Mention2.5.1 BooksK.MA AshrafA ( 1935 ) , A Life and status of people in Hindustan,2n dA edition. New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal. pp 118-19 and pp 158-63M.S.Radhawa ( 1982 ) , A History of agribusiness in India, Indian council of agribusiness research, vol. 2, New DelhiP.N. Chopra ( 1963 ) , Society and Culture in Mughal India, 2nd edition, Agra. Shiv Lal Agarwala and Co. ( Pvt ) Ltd. p. 51 and 257J.S.Hoyland and, and S.Banerjee ( 1922 ) , A The Cemetery of Father Monserrate, India. Oxford University Press. p.199Nicclao Manucci, Storio de Mogor 1653-1708, trans William Irvine, John Murrary ( 1980 ) , vol.1, London. p.219Abul Fazal, The Ain-i-Akbari, trans H.Blochmann ( 1871 ) , New Delhi. Abul, Aadiesh Book Depot, repr.1965. pp. 57-78William Foster, Early Travels in India 1583-1619, New Delhi. S.chand and Co, repr 1968. pp. 60-121A.S.Beveridge ( trans. ) , Babar nama ( 1922 ) , New Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. Pp. 645 and 687.Mubarak Ali, Mughal Darbar ( 1992 ) , Lahore, Nigarshat, .6 Sethi. V ( C1051 )

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United Nations and Rwanda Genocide - Essay Example The UN organization was formed in 1945 after the World War II ended. It was formed to ensure that the world became a better place of living for everyone. In other words it was formed to avoid war, killings, injustice and promote peace in all areas of the world. It basically aimed to influence all the countries of the world through economic progress, social security and international law. Presently it has 192 Member states which have to follow the rules laid down by the UN in the general assembly along with 5 permanent states and 10 non permanent states in the Security Council. It also has an Economic and Social council which has 54 members and an international court of justice consisting of fifteen judges. It has a Trusteeship council and a secretariat which are discussed subsequently. The United Nations through its five bodies is helping to maintain international politics in such a way that the whole world remains in peace and harmony. It is basically acting as a judge of politics s o that countries do not fight or the populations of the countries do not suffer either financially or physically because of any threat. In order to develop a norm for all the countries international laws are laid down by the United Nations which have to be followed by all the member countries. These international laws are regulated by treaties between the UN and the countries. These treaties are broad as they consider many aspects of the society such as human rights, refugees and border restrictions (United Nations 2010). The question now arises as to if the United Nations has remained successful in achieving its objectives or not. This question can be viewed from several perspectives as some would view the role of United Nations to be limited to only the betterment of itself however some would view the UN to be an organization which is working for the betterment in the society. Rwanda Genocide is cited to be one of the failures by the United Nations organization which shows that th e UN has not been very successful in achieving its objectives. On the contrary many other successful scenarios of UN can also be analyzed all over the world which shows that they have regulated international politics in such a way that many wars have been avoided. An example of Indo Pak can be cited here which was stopped with the help of UN intervention. Rwanda Genocide is cited to be one of the failures by the United Nations organization which shows that the UN has not been very successful in achieving its objectives. The United Nations Security Council played an important role in the failure of the organization in the Rwanda genocide when it did not forward directives to the soldiers to bring an immediate ceasefire between the fighting groups of Hutus and Tutsis. The genocide occurred because of the complete failure of UN as the region of Rwanda had been suffering from trouble since 1918. The trouble began in 1918 when the Belgians took over Rwanda which comprised of two ethnic g roups namely Tutsis and Hutus. The Tutsis were less in number than the Hutus but still they were given the leading positions of the state by the Belgian forces. This was the step which created anger amongst the Hutus and they began to react. After Rwanda gained independence from Belgium the Hutus came with a strike on the Tutsis and exiled them from the region making their own president. The Tutsis then formed a militia known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). In 1991 the RPF launched an attack on the state of Rwanda killing many Hutus and this led to an organization of army by the state leading to massacres of the people living in the region who were mainly Tutsis. It was in 1993 that a pact was signed under the supervision of UN between the RPF and the state government of Rwanda. It was after this act that UN Security Council had to follow all the happenings of the region but it did not do so even though it was constantly reminded by the commander Romeo Dallaire (Dallaire 2004) . In 1993 an army

Looking at any Two or Three Urban Schemes or Monuments Built in Paris Essay

Looking at any Two or Three Urban Schemes or Monuments Built in Paris in the 1600s, Use Subheadings to Identify the Design Featu - Essay Example Initially the monument was incomplete when the monument was unveiled. With time, the envisioned facades were painted and appeared canvas in color. The monument was pierced by six streets and a circular pan built on it served the role of a flexible joint that would join and harmonize the various axes present on the monument. The underfoot for both the monuments was made of gilt bronze and had bas relief panels that appeared to be flattering in inscriptions. At the corners of the monuments, there were dejected bronze figures that were seated. The Desjardins sculptures were adopted to make the monuments more beautiful. Wooden pyramid were also a common feature among the monuments and this were just some of the features that were being added with time to ensure that the monuments would be aesthetic. Given the fact that these monuments were built in a period during which people had great respect for the authorities, there was need to ensure aesthetic beauty accompanied every building so t hat the royal family would be respected. 1 Place Des Vegas is the oldest planned square in Paris and was originally known as the place royale. It is a true square measuring 140m ? 140m and in it was the first program responsible for city planning. It was built at a tournament at the Tournelles which is a royal residence. Before building it, demolition was undertaken by Catherine de Medicis of the gothic pile and later on constructed there the building. It was inaugurated in 1612 and at the same time celebration of the wedding by Louis xiii was done. What made this building unique was the fact that all the house fronts were built in the same design of red brick that had stripes of stone quoins. There were also designs like over vaulted arcades that would be made to stand on the square pillars. The roofs were steeply pitched blue slate and were pierced with discreet small paned dormers that were above the pedimented dormers. The design was so architectural such that it would attract t he passers by and it indicated a sign of supremacy in the society for those who inhabited the building. The pavilions would rise higher than the unified roofline which was located at the centre of the north and south faces. These face offered accessibility to the triple arches in the building. Place dauphine also on the other hand is a public square that is triangular in shape that can be accessed by use of a bridge from both sides. It was constructed on the site of three islets that were mud banks at that time. The French royal court later on established a permanent settlement in the monument. 2 It also adopted a triangular shape that had two canted ends as had been instructed by Achille du Harlay. He saw the need for the monument to be a thirty two house that had a single plan. This was considered as being among the earliest and oldest designs that had been adopted by the monument. It is also surrounded by big red bricks that have a faded grey cobblestone walks. The gracing centre is the loveliest park that has trees around it to offer a cool breeze. The benches in the gracing centre offer a place to seat for those who stay in the area and those who visit the premises. At the end of the construction, it appeared to be a quadrangle that had a gateway centered at the downstream and also had paired pavilions. The houses here are built of brick that has limestone quoins and the floors are arcaded. All the

Impact of Social Class on Australians’ Life Chances Essay Example for Free

Impact of Social Class on Australians’ Life Chances Essay Sociologists will define class as categories in the society which are based on income, status, or the way they are viewed by the society. A Marxist analysis on the other hand features on the level of influence an individual has on the means of production. Matthews (2007) further defines a capitalist class which he says that it is the class that owns and controls most of the productive capital in the society. He says that in Australia, this class amounted to 5 % of the entire population in the year 1998. Theories have been developed about class that has resulted to numerous and conflicting ideas and researchers had to shift from using class as a theoretical framework for research. The dismissal of class analysis of various societal institutions as dogmatic, and ideological led McLaren Farahmandpur to state that â€Å"matters of class power are sanitized and its powerful effects on the life chances of working-class students is denuded or made invisible,† (Pearce, Down Moore 2008, para. 2). In Australia, about two thirds of the population is in the working class. These are people whose only productive asset is the ability to work. They sell their labour power to their employers who can range from the state, individual capitalists among others, in order to receive a wage which will enable them make ends meet. Another popular class is the middle class which can be said to be composed of individuals who own small businesses. They rely on their own labour power to produce output. They are however being driven away and into bankruptcy by large capital firms. There still exists the ruling class; they carry more social weight and power than the rest of the citizens. They have a direct influence on economic policies being developed in the nation. They support politicians and government, politically and financially. The state can also be categorized in this class as it is responsible for making and implementation of the law (Matthews 2007). Impact to Education There exists inequality in the access of university education, underachievement in education correlates negatively with the social class. Children from low-income families have limited access to educational resources. Their parents rarely get enough time to help them with their day to day challenges at school as they are so much occupied in their work places. They work even over time in order to sustain their families. Some parents in the working class lack education and therefore they would be of little help to help their children in doing their homework, they would also not be in a position to afford employing tutors and this affects their children’s education (Taylor Fraser 2003). Expectations on the working-class students are that they should conform to the middle-class. They thus seek to achieve this status and power mostly not for their own gain but in order to improve the life chances of others in the similar background. They are more focused in giving back to the community in which they originated rather than seeking their improvement in form of class status. A strong sense of solidarity is evident in these students as they have an increased desire to use their qualifications and professional status to achieve a better life for themselves and others who are like them. They have a passion to bridge the gap between the two classes which they believe that a lot has still to be done as the inequality gap is too large (Lins-Dyer Nucci 2007). The discriminatory education system has unquantifiable damages that are done to individuals and the society at large. People have been left behind in the system, others have been discouraged while yet a quite good proportion has been excluded from the system. It would not be unrealistic to claim that social and economic damage is being done through educational discrimination. When â€Å"Professor Janet McCalman analysed the places where those in the Australian who’s who 1988 went to school,† it was clear that these leaders in business professions and politics went to the older private schools (Moorhouse 2010, p. 1). McGregor (1997), views being in the working-class as being equal to being underprivileged, he asserts that people in this class earn and own less, their access to life privileges is minimal as they have poorer education and other goods from the society. In general, the opportunity that they have for good life is such minimal that with a very small degree of error, we can claim that equal opportunity does not exist in Australia. Impact to Health It is no wonder that health outcomes really vary with the social class. The characteristics of different social classes can be depicted by a view on Morbidity and mortality rates. The lower class shows a greater array of lower mortality rates and greater health problems (Greig, Lewins White, 2003). These differences are very clear and distinct at birth and throughout the human life cycle. Henry (2001) identifies domains in which health disparity issues differ by the social class. They include psychological domain which contains norms habits, and behavioural intentions. The other is listed as behavioural constraints which include economic resources and situational effects. Physical influences that include physiological stress, genetic dispositions and environmental conditions Behavioural constraints involve barriers that prevent one from engaging in health promoting behaviour. These inhibitors are listed by Henry (2001) as economic resources and situation constraints. Economic resources inhibitors are financial limitations that prevent individuals from obtaining health facilities goods, while situational constraints are factors that limit the access to these health facilities. They range from lack of adequate health facilities in the community, poor transportation or lack of proper time management in the utility of such services. Physical influences on the other hand are the conditions which impact physiological health directly. He groups them into environmental conditions, physiological stress and genetics A decline in the health is observed as one move down the classes. The middle class  Public awareness and educational programs can be developed to ensure that health equality is maintained. Social class has taken a critical point in the studies of health, the coronary heart disease for instance had been considered as a disease for the upper class. On the other hand, the lower class (working-class) have been found to have prevalent lower life expectancy, higher mortality rates and increased mental disorders. Inequality in income brings about psychosocial stress which is a factor that increases the mortality rate; it has become apparent that mental illness prevalence has been found among the working class. A direct relationship has been identified to exist between poverty and increase in emotional disturbance. This has led to an increase of psychiatric disorders, drug and alcohol dependence on the working class (Murali Oyebode 2004). According to The Demography of Medical Schools, 59% of applicants in medical school usually come from high social classes. This makes us suspect that a discriminatory rule is being used in the medical institutions. However, admissions procedures in these schools seem to favour certain social classes in comparison to others. Requirements such as previous experience in a hospital are being considered for some medical school administration. This curtails the number of students enrolling to such schools as it proves cumbersome to attain such qualifications for most people in the working class. The access to opportunities has been limited for many students and this explains the reason why such patterns of students’ enrolment are being reflected (The Medical News 2004). The nature of the working class has really changed in Australia with over 65% of the work force being employed in the white-collar jobs. In fact if by defining the working-class as those who have not attended university education, then it can be said that Australia has graduated to the middle-class. It is surprising to note that the vast majority of white-collar jobs holders are part of the working-class. They have less control of their work which is even lower than that of blue-collar workers, consequently implying lower wages (Castles 1994). It is very clear that in Australia class has direct consequences on lifestyle. It affects the access to education and status attainment. A child raised in middle-class is more likely to end up in this middle class and the trend would be similar for a child raised in the middle-class. As we move up the social class, we are able to meet better health, education and other social facilities, which are transmitted to children. The trend thus seems to be perpetuated to future generations. A research conducted by Taylor and Fraser (2003) indicates the existence of a gap between children living in the different classes. The working class end up having stress in Parents relationships as they are unable to provide impeccable opportunities for their children. Children have in fact confessed that class is a factor that lead to social seclusion in academic life, and a contributing factor for educational disadvantage. Life’s chances are in this case affected by the mere fact that one belongs to a certain class that is either favoured or not by circumstances that prevail in the society. In Australia the government together with other institutions should be concerned and implement policies that would narrow the gap that exist between the various social classes. Such policies should focus on issues of adequate family income which will ensure that families have adequate resources to cater for the needs of their children and provide adequate opportunities for them, the welfare of workers should also be taken care of to ensure that each worker gets adequate time to attend to the family needs. In the school setting, policies should be developed to ensure that educational disadvantage has been reduced, and the cost of public education to be maintained as low as possible, to offer equal opportunities for children in all classes.  Affordable assistance should be accorded to specific children with learning difficulties in order to enhance excellence at all levels (Taylor Fraser 2003). Conclusion In conclusion it is very clear that Australia is faced with inequalities and other factors that enhance or inhibit opportunities that are available to children growing in this nation. There exists a challenge which should be looked at by all the policy makers in private and public enterprises, in order to ensure that the life chances of the children are not affected unfairly by the mere fact of belonging to a certain class.

The Indian Television Reality Programmes Kaun Banega Crorepati Media Essay

The Indian Television Reality Programmes Kaun Banega Crorepati Media Essay In India, reality shows hosted by celebrities have become salient execution strategy to make the show successful, where top Indian celebrities host different reality shows apart from endorsing several brands. This research paper has tried to find out the factors which affect people choice towards different reality show. Later by taking one very popular Indian reality show Kaun Banega Crorepati efforts have been made to understand that among two stalwarts of Indian celluloid world Amitabh Bachchan and Shahrukh Khan who is the better host of the show and why? Q score technique has been used to understand the same. Focus group discussion containing people from different demographic variable was conducted to understand the reason of variation in viewership of this show from 2000 to 2012.Further; this research can be treated as a base for celebrity selection for hosting a reality show or brand endorsement by producer/directors/marketers advertising agency. Introduction India is one country, which is known to idolize the stars of the celluloid world.  Therefore, it makes tremendous sense for a TV show/ reality show to engage a celebrity for its hosting. In India, there is an exponential potential for a celebrity hosted event to be perceived as genuinely relevant and entertaining, thereby motivating viewers to come for watching it. The impact of the celebrity on a viewer depends upon the likability of viewer regarding the celebrity. Some celebrities have a huge fan following thats why they are able to attract more people for their respective show/s, ultimately increasing the viewership of that TV show/ reality show. 21stcentury has witnessed the advent development of a lot of technologies. Due to the advent of technology, it becomes easier for people to take the advantage of the same. The role of television as a media is increasing day by day. These days we can see a lot of people opting for DTH, therefore, now we dont have to rely on the cable to see the programmes on television. Due to this the viewership of people has increased to a greater extent. There was a time when people enjoyed watching religious serials, educational programmes, movies songs which provided entertainment. However, the meaning of entertainment seems to have changed and now a day reality shows have become the flavor of small screen. The small screen has been flooded with reality shows, namely X Factor, Just Dance, Little Champs, MTV Roadies,  Emotional Atyachar, Ratan Ka Rishta,  Comedy  ka maha mukabala, MTV Stunt Mania, Kaun Banega Crorepati, etc. and the list goes on. Moreover, most of the reality shows have been hosted by one celebrity or other. The basic assumption behind celebrity hosting the reality show is that the value associated with the celebrity is transferred to the brand of the reality show and therefore helps to create an image that can be easily referred by viewer. Henceforth, by association of celebrity with the reality show can very quickly establish the credibility, get immediate recognition and improved viewership. However, there are so many risks associated with such celebrity hosts. The viewership could slide down drastically just as quickly as it moved up the viewers mind due to some problem in celebrity image, career graph etc. Literature Review (Khatri, July-Dec. 2006) has opined that the celebrity endorsement does not itself guarantee sales. It can create a buzz and make a consumer feel better about the product, which in turn has to come to expectation of customers as a real star by delivering the promise. (Ibrahim, 2010) observed that using celebrity where the measurable results of such high cost strategy do not justify the amount of money that companies spend on utilizing celebrities. The allocated budget for using celebrities needs to be reallocated in other marketing areas such as marketing research and marketing insights to understand customers needs in more details. (Datta, 2010) has concluded that there are lots of challenges involved in finding the right celebrity match with product or service. Further, he opined that for the success of celebrity endorsement right fit between celebrity and band endorsed is must. (S.K.Dube, 2011) has observed that in India now a day, the use of celebrity endorsement/advertising for companies has become a trend and a perceived as winning formula of corporate brand equity building and products/ services marketing. The use of celebrity for brand promotion is increasing day by day but it cannot be treated as an assured strategic tool to enhance market share, demand of the product or even profit because it mainly depends upon suitability of celebrity with a product and brand as well. (Kineta Hung, 2011) from a survey involving 1,030 respondents has found that consumer celebrity worship is a significant antecedent to endorser effects; over-endorsement by a celebrity is an important moderator; and this model is robust across field like sports and entertainment celebrities. (Gouranga, 2011) concluded that celebrity is an important factor of interest to generate more positioning of interest in the minds of consumers rather than message and background set up at the time of recall in advertisements. So celebrity acts as an effective component of advertisement to make the advertisements more effective. (Jayant Sonwalkar, 2011) observed that in a country like India, celebrities act as major opinion leaders and since awareness levels are low, celebrities play a major role in brand recall. Celebrities are helpful in initiating a desired state need among people. The respondents usually pay attention to those advertisements using celebrity icons. The study conducted by him also revealed that to some extent celebrities initiate an action to buy that product. (PiligrimienÄ-, 2011) has found that the sport celebrity can be used when its possible to find a link between the product and sport, or when the company wants its customers to relate the product with the sport, active and healthy life style. (Ogunsiji, 2012) has pointed out that Global brand endorsements demand a global brand management team. Thus regional and international organization is in place to maintain brand leadership through proper effective celebrity endorsements. So, companies with large brand portfolios need to have separate managers for each brand and its promotion. Aim and objective of the study: In this fast changing world, viewers preferences towards reality shows are increasing and they are finding these reality shows as a good source of entertainment. Most of the reality television programmes are getting good response due to their respective hosts. How much an effective a particular host is? Does the response of viewers vary due to change of celebrity host? Is the personality of the host is matching with the personality of television programme which is being hosted by respective celebrity? This study can help the sponsors and producers of programmes to choose an appropriate host for their reality show. Further, this study can help in enhancing the viewership of reality programme. Objectives of the study 1. To know the factors affecting consumer preference towards Indian reality shows 2. To study the reason of variation of viewership in program Kaun Banega Crorpati between year 2000 to 2011 3. To study the compatibility of host personality (Amitabh Bachchan Shahrukh Khan) with respect to Kaun Banega Crorpati Need of the Study Reality shows has become important part and parcel of the peoples life. Presently, we can see that Indian television channels are flooded with reality shows. Now, most of the channels which want more TRP are coming up with a new reality show. Competition in this field has also increased manifold. So, producers of the reality shows are looking to hire super stars for hosting their shows. Producers are spending millions of rupees on hosts. Different people have different perceptions regarding the celebrity hosts. Some people might enjoy seeing a particular host in a reality show, but some people do not like that host. Every celebrity has his/her own personality. A marketer needs to know that whether the hosts personality is matching to the personality of the program he is hosting or not? This research can help the marketer to know that what kind of host would be appropriate for his show. If the marketer can make the right choice in selecting the host for his programme, he can beat the competition and can achieve higher TRP for his/her reality programme. Scope of the Study: The scope of study is confined to Indian reality programs and data has been collected from people residing in Jalandhar and Phagwara region of Punjab. In this study, researchers have taken one of the most popular Indian reality show Kaun Banega Crorepati. This study has tried to find the factors which affect the viewers preference towards Indian reality shows. Further, researchers have tried to find the reason of variation in viewership of Kaun Banega Crorepati from 2000 to 2011. Research Design: In this study, by and large descriptive research design has been followed. Researchers have tried to discover the insights that how the host personality is affecting the viewers preferences towards the Indian reality shows. Survey method with the help of structured questionnaire has been used for the data collection and the data collected has been analysed quantitatively, which also qualifies that the research design of the study is descriptive in nature. Researchers have also tried to find out the various reasons of variation in viewership for this researchers have conducted one focus group discussion to find out the aforesaid objective. So, the research design is also exploratory in nature to some extent. Sampling Design Target Population: People residing in Jalandhar and Phagwara, who watch Indian reality show like Kaun Banega Crorepati Sampling Technique: In this research, Convenience sampling has been used. This is a type of Non Probabilistic sampling. As everyone dont watch reality programme like KBC, so only those people have been surveyed who watch these programmes. Sample Size and data collection: In this research, Sample size of 300 respondents from Jalandhar and Phagwara city of Punjab region has been collected. Researchers have used structured questionnaire for this purpose. In the questionnaire, five point Likert scale has been used to measure the attitude of respondents. Few dichotomous questions have also been used to understand respondents behavioral pattern. A focus group of 11 people consisting different age group and occupation was conducted to find out the reason of variation in viewership of KBC during 2000 to 2012. Secondary data has been collected from Internet, books, periodicals, magazines etc. Time period of Data: The data is collected in between the time frame of month January 2012 to June 2012 across Phagwara city and Jalandhar city and its suburbs. Pilot testing: Researchers have done pilot testing by using convenience sampling technique. A sample of 35 was taken for this purpose. A questionnaire containing Likert Scale was instrumented for this purpose. Reliability testing for the pilot survey was decent with Cronbachs Alpha 0.697. Some necessary changes as per requirement were made in the questionnaire after conducting pilot survey. Data Analysis: Demographic variables like Gender, Age, and Occupation etc. have been used for profiling the respondents. Along with it, profiling also has been done on the basis of variables like does respondent watch reality programmes on television, does respondent watch KBC etc. From literature survey, lots of variables have been found which affect the viewers preference towards Indian reality shows. Factor analysis has been used to identify the important factors out of several variables. Apart from this, a Focus group has been conducted to know the reason of variation in viewership of KBC from 2000 to 2012. Brief Summary of tools used for analysis: 1. Descriptive Statistics: For profiling of the respondents 2. Factor Analysis: To identify the important factors affecting viewers preference towards Indian reality Show 3. Q Score: To understand the host compatibility with popular show KBC 4. Focus Group: To understand the reason of variation in viewership of KBC from 2000 to 2012. Frequency Distribution Frequency distribution of the 300 respondents has been displayed who prefer to watch different reality shows. Chart I: Frequency distribution of most favourite television reality show Source: Researchers Survey Out of 300 respondents, 127 respondents has identified Kaun Banega Crorepati as their most favourite reality show on Indian television channels. Moreover, in response of another question, researchers have also found that all the 300 respondents were aware of Indian television reality show Kaun Banega Crorepati and they have watched it at least once. 2. Can you tell the names of celebrities who have hosted the show? Researchers provided different options of celebrities name for this question, in which again all the 300 respondents were able to answer this correctly. Respondents were able to identify both hosts of KBC Amitabh Bachhan and Shahrukh khan. 3. Who is the favourite host Amitabh Bachhan or Shahrukh khan for KBC. Chart II: Frequency chart of favourite host Source: Researchers survey Researchers have found out that out of 300 respondents 254 repondents have chosen Amitabh Bachchan as a favourite host only 46 respondents have chosen Shahrukh Khan as their favourite host. FACTOR ANALYSIS Factor analysis has been performed to know which are the important factors which affect respondents preference towards watching Indian reality show. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 348 respondents, after scrutiny researchers have removed 48 questionnaires due to errors in response. The data based on Likert scale, which was meant for measuring respondents preference was entered into SPSS data sheet. Before applying Factor analysis Reliability test was performed and then data was subjected to Factor analysis by using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) method. KMO Value which determines the sample adequacy was found .816 which was highly satisfactory. Varimax rotation for orthogonal factors with Kaiser Normalization was considered to get the % of variance explained for 13 statements in the questionnaire. To find the relevant factors Eigen value of greater than 1 was considered. A table of Rotated Component Matrix has been generated with the help of SPSS and three factor s were derived. Here, Factor loading above 0.50 has been considered for Factor analysis. Then, the factors have been derived based on the statements that have gone into each factor. The list of factors along with the supporting statements has been displayed in Table I. Table I: KMO and Bartletts Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .816 Bartletts Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 1.322E3 Df 78 Sig. .000 Source: SPSS Output of Research Study Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test is applied to check out the adequacy of data. Here, it has been found more than 0.816, which is more than desired value of 0.5. Table II :Rotated Component Matrix Component 1 2 3 1.Influence of host personality .079 .070 .857 2.For the sake of knowledge -.034 .445 .662 3.Just for Enjoyment .326 .264 .331 4.Come on my favourite channel .786 .190 -.094 5.Because of peer influence .856 .208 -.032 6.Family Influence .816 .142 .135 7.Perfect timings .611 -.061 .467 8.Content of the show .054 .289 .629 9.Match with my personality .302 .529 .260 10.Like the way of portraying .359 .099 .070 11.For viewers questions .271 .709 .158 12.Challenge human capabilities .083 .854 .094 13.Platform for common people .150 .730 .243 Source: SPSS Output of Research Study Table III: Factor List Channel, peer family influence Competition and Connect with common people Host Knowledge Come on my favourite channel Match with my personality Influence of host personality Because of peer Influence For viewers questions For the sake of knowledge Family influence Challenge human capabilities Content of the show Perfect timings Platform for common people Source: Researchers Survey Description of the factors Factor 1, refers to, Channel peer and family influence and contributes to 33.978% variance. This factor is described in terms of Favorite channel, peer influence, family influence, and perfect timing of the show telecast. Factor 2, describes the Competition and Connect with common people contributes to 14.352% variance. This factor refers to Questions for viewers, challenge human capabilities, match with my personality and platform for common people. Factor 3, focuses on Knowledge and content and it contributes to 8.865% variance. This factor includes statements like influence of the host personality, for the sake of knowledge and content of the show Focus Group discussion to find out the reason of variation in viewership of KBC: To find out the reasons in variation of the viewership of reality show KBC, focus group was conducted. In focus group, 11 people from different age group and back ground were selected. Main finding of the focus group has been summarized below: It was observed during the discussion that, Change in the host of KBC from Amitabh Bachchan to Shahrukh Khan for Kaun Banega Crorepati has a great inverse impact on variation in viewership. During focus group participating people noted saying that Amitabh Bachchans personality matches with the personality of show. Most of the people felt that, Kaun Banega Crorpati is a kind of Quiz show where seriousness of the host, proper discipline and intellectuality of the host is required. These all qualities are possessed by Amitabh bachhan, which can be attributed to the success of Amitabh Bachchan as a host of KBC. A lots of other reality shows like Dus Ka Dum, Khatron Ke Khiladi etc. came on silver screen after the intial success of KBC, which also impacted the viewership of KBC. However, most of the Quiz show hosted by other super stars was similar in nature. Four participants of focus group discussion who were female observed that as KBC was coming on Sony television from 9 PM to 10 PM on week days, and a lot of family serials were also being telecasted on different television channels on same time slots. Here, these female participants felt that they preferred watching family serial rather than KBC. Five participants, who were doing jobs, found that KBC show used to come on working days and these people after coming exhausted from office looking for some light entertainment programmes, they were not interested in watching a show where they need to apply their mind. It was also observed that most of the participants were agreeing that voice quality, overall personality and matureness of Amitabh bachhan was very good which was lacking in Sahrukh khan as a host of KBC, however later was observed charming and informal. Q score Technique Applying the Q score technique to determine the familiarity, popularity and compatibility of two stalwart (Amitabh Bachhan and Shahrukh khan) among Indian celebrities as a host of KBC based on feedback from the respondent of different demographic backgrounds will be very useful and relevant for producers and directors in identifying and selecting the appropriate celebrity as a host of their respective reality shows. Q score to help choose the right celebrity host for reality show Q Score is normally used by marketing firms to select the right celebrity for endorsing their product/ services and determining the popularity ranking of the celebrities as per the consumers response. The Q score answers the question how appealing and popular is the celebrity among those who do know him or her? Advertisers and advertising agencies can refer to Q rating score of a celebrity for choosing the right celebrity. In this process, respondents are asked to indicate two things first Whether they know (heard / seen) about the selected celebrities? Secondly, if respondents answer yes- then the respondents are being asked to rate the celebrities on a five point Likert scale scale that includes Favourite, Very Good, Good, Fair and Poor. Calculating Q ratings:- Q rating is calculated by taking the number of respondents who indicate in questionnaire that a celebrity is FAVOURITE and that number being divided by the number of respondents who indicate that they know (heard/ seen) of that Celebrity. Here, researchers have calculated Q score to check the compatibility of host personality (Amitabh Bachchan Shahrukh Khan) with respect to Kaun Banega Crorpati. Q scores for Amitabh Bachchan: A= How many people know Amitabh Bachchan as a host for KBC/ Total number of respondents Here, all 300 respondents were aware about Amitabh Bachchan as a host for KBC So A= 300/300 = 1 B= How many respondents rate Favourite/ total number of respondents As, 184 respondents answered favourite Amitabh Bachchan as a host for KBC So, B=184/300 Q Score = B/A= 184/300*100 = 61.3 Q scores for Shahrukh Khan: A= How many people know Shahrukh khan as a host for KBC/ Total number of respondents Here all 300 respondents were aware about Shahrukh khan as a host for KBC So A= 300/300 = 1 B= How many respondents rate Favourite/ total number of respondents As, 70 respondents answered favourite Shahrukh khan as a host for KBC So, B=70/300 Q Score = B/A= 70/300*100 = 23.3 Analysis: Based on survey researchers found that Amitabh Bachchan has a Q score of 61.3 Shahrukh Khan has a Q score of 23.3. Generally Q score more than 50 is considered good. This indicates that Amitabh Bachchan is a better host for Kaun Banega Crorepati rather than Shahrukh khan. Summary of research findings Compatibility of host personality with the reality show is one of the most important factor for the success of reality show. Apart from compatibility show timing, nature of show, content of the show also contributes towards success of the show. Factor analysis concluded that Channel peer and family, competition connect with common people and knowledge content are the important factors which affects viewers preference towards watching reality show. Through Focus group, it was found that as a host of KBC, overall personality and matureness of Amitabh Bachchan was very good which was lacking in Sahrukh khan as a host of KBC, however later was observed charming and informal. This is one of the main reasons of the success of Amitabh Bachhan as a KBC host. Based on focus group, researchers came to conclusion that the reasons of variation in viewership of KBC between 2000 to 2012 are timings of the show, change of host of show, coming up of new reality shows, the content of the show is same from last five seasons which has created a boredom, increase in the number of channels etc. Based on Q score analysis survey researchers found out that Amitabh Bachchan has a Q score of 61.3 Shahrukh Khan has a Q score of 23.3. This indicates that Amitabh Bachchan is more popular host for Kaun Banega Crorepati rather than Shahrukh khan as per respondents. Conclusion After conducting this research, it can be concluded that competition connect with common people, Channel, peer family influence and Knowledge content are three important factors which affect the viewers preferences towards Indian reality shows. Apart from the fact that KBC is being hosted by Amitabh Bachchan, reality show like KBC has become popular due to the reason that it is a platform for common people which also increases the knowledge of the audience. Researchers also concluded that the reasons of variation in viewership are primarily due to the timings of the show which was not appropriate since the show was earlier telecasted in a time slot of 9 PM-10 PM. Moreover, this time slot was also commonly used by many channels to telecast their best performing programme. People were in a habit of watching Amitabn Bchchan in the KBC as a host, but in the third season Shahrukh Khan came into picture and the TRP of the show fell drastically. Most of the people perceive Amitabh Bachch ans personality to best match with the show and change in the host personality resulted in sharp decline in viewership. Practical Implications This research will go a long way in helping the advertising agency, directors producers of reality show who can make this research a basis in selection of the right celebrity for endorsement and celebrity as host for reality shows. Moreover, this research shall also work as a reference for further academic research in this area. Limitation of the Research Although, this research has achieved its objectives, there are some unavoidable limitations. First, due to time constraints, small sample size of 300 has been chosen. However, for generalizing the results, larger sample could have been better. For Factor analysis, randomly chosen respondents would have been better choice but as population of area where research has been conducted is on larger side, so listing of the population becomes cumbersome task. In addition researchers have moderated and noted the finding of focus group discussion themselves, some amount of subjectivity cannot be ruled out. Future Research The scope of this research study may be further enhanced by incorporating different reality show in the research. This research can also be extended further for deciding celebrity for endorsement purpose.